Understanding Urinary Incontinence

• Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is the involuntary loss of urine that occurs when there is increased intra-abdominal pressure, which places a downward force on the bladder and pelvic floor. This may result in urine leakage during activities such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, running, or lifting heavy objects. SUI is often linked to weakened or damaged pelvic floor muscles or urethral sphincter deficiency³. SUI is more prevalent in women, although it can also affect men, particularly following prostate surgery.

• Urge incontinence (UI) is characterised by a sudden, intense urge to urinate followed by involuntary bladder contractions that can result in leakage. UI will occur even when the bladder is not full and can be accompanied by frequency and nocturia (waking at night to urinate). UI is associated with aging, psychological stress, alcohol and caffeine, neurological conditions, constipation, and poor bladder habits such as going ‘just in case’⁴. Urge and stress incontinence may present independently or together, known as mixed urinary incontinence.

• Functional incontinence, or ‘disability associated urinary incontinence’, refers to urine leakage that occurs when a person is unable to reach the toilet in time due to physical limitations or cognitive impairments¹. This can occur because of problems with mobility, memory, or learning, and requires an approach that addresses individual barriers that impair continence.
• Overflow urinary incontinence results when the bladder does not empty completely, leading to frequent or continuous leakage. Incomplete emptying may occur due to nerve dysfunction, which impairs bladder control, bladder outlet obstruction (such as an enlarged prostate or pelvic organ prolapse), and from some medications. This type of incontinence is a serious condition, as prolonged urinary retention can damage the bladder muscle (detrusor) and lead to urinary reflux toward the kidneys, potentially damaging kidney function.
• Reflex incontinence, as defined by Incontinence UK, involves the involuntary and unpredictable loss of urine, which occurs when a specific bladder volume is reached⁵. Unlike UI, reflex incontinence can happen without urgency or the sensation of a full bladder. It is typically associated with neurological conditions like Parkinson’s, or with injury or disease that affects the spinal cord.
• Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is intermittent urinary incontinence that occurs during periods of sleep⁶, generally known as bed wetting. Although common in childhood, NE past adolescence and into adulthood can have significant risk factors and impacts on quality of life7. In adults, NE can be secondary to lower urinary tract dysfunction and may occur in combination with daytime urinary symptoms, or in the absence of daytime urinary symptoms. NE is more likely in individuals with a high BMI, multiple comorbidities, nocturnal polyuria, and in people with impaired bladder capacity⁷. Some medications can also increase the risk of NE.

• Post-micturition dribble (PMD) refers to the involuntary leakage of urine that occurs immediately after urination has finished, typically after a man leaves the toilet or a woman stands up after using the toilet. According to the International Continence Society’s standardised terminology for lower urinary tract symptoms, it is a type of incontinence that is categorised as a post-micturition symptom⁸. PMD is more common in males, and the incidence increases with age. It is thought to occur in people who experience post-void bladder contractions or have functional/anatomical abnormalities that delay urethral emptying.⁸

Urinary Incontinence Treatments and Recovery Options